Joint diameter, body temperature, and motor capacity were assessed each week. Table 1 summarizes the available information of various important biotechnological aspects of arthrospira strains. Pdf flocculation of arthrospira maxima for improved harvesting. One isoform crystallized in space group i42 with eight protein molecules in the asymmetric unit and a total of 384 molecules in the unit cell. Arthrospira platensis turned out to be a good biosorbent of metal ions. Use of synthetic media could be expensive because most. In the various arthrospira genuses, the two species arthrospira platensis and arthrospira maxima are the most important figure 42. Two main clusters, i and ii, were differentiated by 49 positions out of 475 nt or 477 nt, respectively. Biomass of spirulina maxima enriched by biosorption process as a new feed supplement for swine. Arthrospira maxima is a photosynthetic, filamentous, spiralshaped, multicellular cyanobacterium. The extracted glycogen can be converted to ethanol through hydrolysis by amylolytic enzymes and fermentation by the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. Arthrospira platensis occurs in africa, asia and south america, whereas arthrospira maxima is confined to central america. In the present work, extraction of cphycocyanin cpc and allophycocyanin apc from dry biomass of a. The two structures are remarkably similar, superimposing on backbone atoms with an rmsd of.
Consumption of an aqueous cyanophyta extract derived from arthrospira platensis is associated with reduction of chronic pain. Jul 01, 2001 read isolates identifiable as arthrospira maxima and arthrospira fusiformis oscillatoriales, cyanobacteria appear identical on the basis of a morphological study in culture and 16s rrna gene sequences, phycologia on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. The genus arthrospira has a long history of being used as a food source in different parts of the world. Fouling is primarily caused by fragmented cells rather than extracellular materials. Pdf this chapter reports an annual production of spirulina arthrospira maxima in ansan, south korea 37. Evaluation of the effects of arthrospira maxima am was made, otherwise known as spirulina, on the teratogenicity, genotoxicity, and dna oxidation processes induced by cadmium cd. Spirulina arthrospira platensis and arthrospira maxima. The maximal photosynthetic rate and the light saturation value of mixotrophic. The size distribution of insert fragments is from 15. The maximal photosynthetic rate and the light saturation value of. Cytochrome c6 from the cyanobacterium arthrospira maxima is present in isoforms that can be resolved by sizeexclusion chromatography. Arthrospira maxima spirulina and cphycocyanin prevent the. Holt and krogmann 1981 first of all described ocp and kerfeld et al. Genomic structure of an economically important cyanobacterium.
Arthrospira maxima, commercially known as spirulina maxima s. To explore the possible mechanisms of action, we examined antioxidant defense enzymes e. Dec 25, 2001 spirulina arthrospira platensis nordstedt geitler cells grown under mixotrophic conditions exhibit a modified response to light. Read isolates identifiable as arthrospira maxima and arthrospira fusiformis oscillatoriales, cyanobacteria appear identical on the basis of a morphological study in culture and 16s rrna gene sequences, phycologia on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Us8808706b2 arthrospirabased compositions and uses thereof. To achieve this, 27 overweight and 25 obese sedentary male subjects were assigned to four interventions through a randomized doubleblind, crossover controlled trial.
Cultivation of microalgae spirulina platensis arthrospira platensis from biological treatment of swine wastewater. Arthrospira maxima spirulina and cphycocyanin prevent. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Permeate flux is enhanced by applying membrane with greater pore density. Phycocyanin production in seawater culture of arthospira maxima. Definition of the ingredient arthrospira maxima is a photosynthetic, filamentous, spiralshaped, multicellular cyanobacterium. The extract did not produce any sign of toxicity within 7 days after feeding it at a single high dose of 6 g kg. Detailed characterization of the arthrospira type species. Sp was orally administered at 0, 200, 400, or 800 mgkg of body weight to animals of both sexes for 2 weeks before starting the b. Nutritional and toxicological aspects of nutr hosp. They are extensively employed as food supplements due to their rich contents of proteins.
Isolates identifiable as arthrospira maxima and arthrospira. Also, it is known that inorganic mercury is bioaccumulated and exerted kidney toxicity. Arthrospira maxima, induced by ph v ariation and addition of. View enhanced pdf access article on wiley online library html view download pdf for offline viewing. Sequence analysis of arthrospira maxima based on fosmid. Arthrospira maxima is reported to have the highest protein content among different species of cyanobacteria. Maxima is a system for the manipulation of symbolic and numerical expressions, including differentiation, integration, taylor series, laplace transforms, ordinary differential equations, systems of linear equations, polynomials, sets, lists, vectors, matrices and tensors. We have determined the xray crystal structures of both proteins isolated from the cyanobacterium arthrospira maxima. Morphology, ultrastructure and taxonomy of arthrospira.
Morphology, ultrastructure and taxonomy of arthrospira spirulina. Growth and chemical composition of spirulina maxima and. Mar 04, 2010 a filamentous nonn2 fixing cyanobacterium, arthrospira spirulina platensis, is an important organism for industrial applications and as a food supply. Marine drugs free fulltext spirulina maxima decreases. The genus arthrospira is comprised of approximately 51 strains within two common species, namely, arthrospira platensis and arthrospira maxima, that play an important role for industrial applications 11. Spirulina arthrospira maxima has shown beneficial effects such as being antidyslipidemic, antiviral, antioxidant and antihypertensive. Nutritional and toxicological aspects of spirulina arthrospira. P was used to test the possible antimutagenic effects of arthrospira spirulina maxima sp on male and female mice. The internally transcribed spacer its sequences of 21 arthrospira clonal strains from four continents and assigned to four different species a. Direct and highly productive conversion of cyanobacteria. Mar 01, 2008 arthrospira spirulina platensis was cultivated in laboratory under controlled conditions 30c, photoperiod of 12 hours lightdark provided by fluorescent lamps at a light intensity of 140. Jan 24, 2019 the genus arthrospira has a long history of being used as a food source in different parts of the world. The trichome is usually arranged as a tight helix, but under different culture conditions this may change to a loose spiral and even into straight filaments.
Cultivation of microalgae spirulina platensis scielo. The cyanobacterial genus arthrospira appears very conserved and has been divided into five main genetic clusters on the basis of molecular taxonomy markers. Arthrospira platensis an overview sciencedirect topics. Of the 141 proteins, 114 arthrospira spirulina plantensisyz proteins were found with significant homology to those found in arthrospira 76 proteins in arthrospira platensis str. Even though genetic manipulations have not yet been performed with. Phycobiliproteins and phycocyanin of arthrospira maxima. Arthrospira is a photosynthesizing cyanophyte that grows. The ingredient is a powder consisting of whole dried cells of a. Hypolipidemic effect of arthrospira spirulina maxima. Arthrospira platensis and arthrospira maxima, which are commonly used as food, dietary supplement, and feed. Genetic studies of seven arthrospira strains, including genome sequencing, have enabled a better understanding of those photosynthetic prokaryotes.
This page was last edited on 15 october 2019, at 04. They appear to have descended relatively recently from the same ancestral gene but have diverged to carry out very different functional roles, underscored by the large difference between their midpoint potentials of nearly 600 mv. The cyanobacterium arthrospira platensis shows promise as a carbohydrate feedstock for biofuel production. The mature trichomes of arthrospira are a few millimetres long and consist of 312. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate wheter the administration of a. Arthrospira platensis is a planktonic filamentous cyanobacterium composed of individual cells about 8. Pregnant icr mice were divided into groups and administered water, cd only, am only, or am plus cd. In this study, the methanol extract of arthrospira spirulina platensis was examined for acute and subchronic toxicities. Us8808706b2 arthrospirabased compositions and uses. The remaining 27 proteins belong to other bacteria. Dec 18, 2017 the cyanobacterial genus arthrospira appears very conserved and has been divided into five main genetic clusters on the basis of molecular taxonomy markers. Help pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects. Nutrients free fulltext amelioration of ethanolinduced. Full text consumption of an aqueous cyanophyta extract.
Biomass of spirulina maxima enriched by biosorption. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Even though genetic manipulations have not yet been performed with success, many genomic. A doubleblind, randomized, crossover, controlled trial was designed to evaluate the independent and synergistic effects of arthrospira spirulina maxima supplementation 4. Protein production by arthrospira spirulina platensis in. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of. Detailed characterization of the arthrospira type species separating. In the present study, chronic inflammation was induced through injection of freunds complete adjuvant cfa in rats treated daily with spirulina arthrospira maxima for 2 weeks beginning on day 14. Maxima yields high precision numerical results by using exact fractions, arbitraryprecision integers and variableprecision. Pdf flocculation of arthrospira maxima for improved. Nutritional and toxicological aspects of spirulina. Arthrospira is a genus of freefloating filamentous cyanobacteria characterized by cylindrical, multicellular trichomes in an open lefthand helix.
That section contains links to various different versions and releases of maxima. Pdf fouling characterization and control for harvesting. Jul 27, 2015 in the present study, chronic inflammation was induced through injection of freunds complete adjuvant cfa in rats treated daily with spirulina arthrospira maxima for 2 weeks beginning on day 14. The influence of temperature on growth and biomass composition of two species of spirulina, s. Its mass cultivation for production of food supplements and. Phycobiliproteins of arthrospira spirulina maxima have attracted attention because of their potential therapeutic antioxidant properties. Arthrospira spirulina arthrospira platensis is a planktonic filamentous cyanobacterium composed of individual cells about 8. Arthrospira platensis and arthrospira maxima, which are commonly used as food, dietary supplement, and feed supplement wikfors and ohno, 2001. The present invention concerns a composition comprising physiologically stressed arthrospira maxima for use as a biocide andor therapeutic.
The section recent releases on the right or at the bottom of this page shows the most recent releases and clicking on a release number will show the change log for it. Submerged ultrafiltration membrane successfully concentrates a. Microalgae as sources of food ingredients and nutraceuticals. Under continuous light, maximum cell production of 2. Growth and chemical composition of spirulina maxima and spirulina. Morphology, ultrastructure and taxonomy of arthrospira spirulina maxima and arthrospira spirulina platensis 1997 tomaselli, l. Spirulina arthrospira platensis nordstedt geitler cells grown under mixotrophic conditions exhibit a modified response to light. The protective effect of dietary arthrospira spirulina. A 4l fermenter with temperature and agitation control was used to cultivate both species. For the subchronic toxicity test, the extract at doses of 6, 12, and 24 mg kg. Arthrospira maxima spirulina and cphycocyanin prevent the progression of chronic kidney disease and its cardiovascular complications. Evaluation of the toxicity of arthrospira spirulina. Maxima 64bit download 2020 latest for windows 10, 8, 7.
Nutraceuticals such as arthrospira maxima spirulina and cphycocyanin have been used in the treatment of renal and cardiovascular disease. Its mass cultivation for production of food supplements and additives has contributed to a. The paper presents a fivephase model to describe batch culture of spirulina maxima under limitations of light and nutrients nitrogen andsulfur. Antioxidant effect of spirulina arthrospira maxima on. This study demonstrates that three months of regular consumption of spirulina maxima not only improves bmi and weight but also results in improvements in blood pressure and endothelial function spirulina in overweight patients with hypertension but lacking evidence of cardiovascular disease. Arthrospira spirulina strains from four continents are. Modeling the growth curve for spirulina arthrospira. The cyanobacterium arthrospira spirulina platensis possesses an extremely lowenergy chla in psi f760. P intraperitoneal injection at 125 mgkg of body weight for 5 consecutive days. Amelioration of cadmiumproduced teratogenicity and. This designation was accepted and published in 1974 by bergeys manual of determinative bacteriology. Spirulina platensis after biosorption can be used as a valuable carrier of elements. The main characteristics of the genus arthrospira wrongly merged with the genus spirulina by geitler in 1932 defined in the bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology are the loosely coiled trichomes of width varying between 3 and 12 m with crosswalls visible in light microscopy. Crystals of the carotenoid protein from arthrospira maxima.
The general equation for the exponential, linear, decelerating andstationary phases of the growth curve took into account that i the specificgrowth rate was proportional to the local light intensity in thephotobioreactor. Effect of arthrospira spirulina maxima supplementation. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Torzillo, in reference module in earth systems and environmental sciences, 2014. Hypolipidemic effect of arthrospira spirulina maxima supplementation and a systematic physical exercise program in overweight and obese men. The aim of this study was to assess the possible antiulcerogenic activity of these phycobiliproteins exphy against ethanolinduced gastric ulcers in rats. Crystals of a carotenoid protein from the cyanobacterium arthrospira maxima have been grown in space group c2 with unit. Bacteria, cyanobacteria, oscillatoriales, arthrospira, a. Culture media formulation for arthrospira maxima formerly designated as spirulina maxima production is a constraining factor. Adaptation of lightharvesting systems of arthrospira platensis to. Arthrospira maxima spirulina is considered a nutraceutical or functional food because it provides health benefits and it is used as nephroprotector because it contains nucleophilic compounds as phycobiliproteins and phycocyanin that prevent oxidative stress and cellular damage process. Morphological aspects of regular clonal trichomes of arthrospira maxima isolated from the solar lake texoco evaporator.
Files can be downloaded from the files section in the sourceforge site. The invention also concerns a method for preventing or treating an infection or infestation of a subject by an organism, wherein the method comprises the step of administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition comprising physiologically. Arthrospira maxima therapeutic goods administration tga. Taxonomy navigation arthrospira all lower taxonomy nodes 154 common name isynonym i. Open access full text article the beneficial effects of. Jan 25, 2020 arthrospira maxima is reported to have the highest protein content among different species of cyanobacteria.
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